1. Principle of falsification
While developing a theory, it is necessary to make an analysis of understanding various logical concerns about the facts and figures and its relevance as per the context. The degree of probability in scientific methods is based on the confirmation facts through clinical observations from the repetition of habits and customs. According to Popper, the scientific status of a theory is directly proportional to its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability. The deductive theory is more scientific rather than inductive theory because of its falsifiability. Hence, the scientific theory is based on the clinical observation of events, habits or customs and collection of facts and figures to develop the hypothesis for verifiability, testability as well as falsifiability test. Based on the findings, the hypothesis can be built through refutations with the support of using proper research methodology. After doing an analysis of facts and figures as well as a testing hypothesis, a scientific theory can be developed. Again, there are chances of refutation of the theory based on the context as well as adopting different methods of research for further exploration for the effect of extraneous variables.
2. Logical fallacies
The logic of fallacy plays a major role in social science research mainly to understand the real situation on the ground and building on supportive facts and figures for research hypothesis irrespective of previous research findings. There is always a probability of refutation about the existing ideas. For examples, Bandwagon fallacy reflects about the appeal to popularity where research attempts to validate the existing facts. It can be further explained as tribal school-going children consume millet recipes regularly at Koraput district. But, the situation may be different at tribal villages due to the various factors like the impact of private school-going children, availability of mid-day meals, unavailability of diversified millet recipes, lack of awareness of nutrition status of millet among mothers etc. This example can be demonstrated by Black-Or-White (false dilemma) fallacy.
3. Causality in social science
Causality is a matter of explanation of a cause and its effects. Old causality explains the occurrence of situations is due to acts of either human (natural causality) or God (supernatural causality). There are two types of new causality i.e. strong causality and weak causality. This causality has mainly three applications in terms of being familiar with economic knowledge, understanding the relationship between economics and the time as well as making the decision for future implementation. It has been experimental science is non-relevant to science whereas social science has many aspects influenced by various factors like social status, economic conditions, cultural influence etc. An economist should gather information from past, visualize facts and analyse based on ex-ante and ex-post for generalization and predict future impacts to plan or take the decision.
4. Structure of scientific revolution
The structure of scientific revolution involves a continuous process of developing a new theory or concept on the earlier beliefs, ideas or theories. The details of the scientific revolution involve the following steps.
a. Developing a basic concept
Developing basic concept needs a deep understanding of the existing ideas, beliefs, theories etc. Moreover, it is necessary to explore further research questions for which the problems exist. As a researcher, it is necessary to start research without having a belief in order to explore further study
b. Paradigm transforms
This step involves several steps adopted in order to adopt the new concept or model on a large scale. One should have enough relevant evidence facts, figures, ideas and data etc. in order to accelerate further research. This step mainly focuses on the literature review on the research problems.
c.Solving problems
After acquiring appropriate knowledge/understanding, a researcher has to be involved in experimentation as well as professionally committed for solving problems. The practical experience/learning leads researcher for getting results.
d. Finding results/outcome
A researcher has to be serious about the research findings based on the methodology adopted. There may be many irrelevant findings but it cannot be ignored. Further research can be undertaken to build on the existing fact/theory. One has to be honest in terms of data collection and analysing without any biased towards his own research problems.
e. Developing theory
Based on the findings or outcome of the research, the theory can be developed. Critical thinking is necessary for any researcher to build on his research findings by adopting proper research methodology.
f.Criticism of the developed theory
It is advisable to invite various criticism on the developed theory which helps to aware about the different grey areas of the theory. It can be further explored about the particular theory under different context or adopting different methodology.
g. Finetuning scientific theory
Based on the criticism, it is necessary for the researcher to finetune theory. A researcher can undertake a similar cyclic process in order to develop appropriate theory in a better way.
